MYE 08 SS Section B Answer Key

2 Managing Healthcare

(a) “The greatest challenge that governments face in managing healthcare is providing basic healthcare for the sick even if they are unable to pay for it.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. [12]

L1 – Describes healthcare without focus on question [1-2]
Eg. Healthcare needs differ from country to country. The amount of resources used also differs.

L2 – Describes / identifies one or more other challenges [3-4]
· Providing quality healthcare
· Increasing expenditure on healthcare

L3 - Explains the given challenge / one other challenges [5-7]
Award 5 marks for an explanation of one challenge, up to 7 m for more supporting details.
Eg. Healthcare is a public good which governments have to provide for the people, given the limited resources and competing needs of the country. In less developed countries, people do not have basic healthcare facilities. For example, in Mauritania, Africa, there is only one large hospital in the capital city. In the rural areas, diseases like measles, malaria and cholera are common. Thus, in managing healthcare, one challenge that governments face is providing basic healthcare for the sick even if they are unable to pay for it.

L4 – Explains the given challenge faced and identifies one or more other challenges [8]

L5 – Explains the challenges in L4 [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the challenges, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
Over the years, funds have been invested in research for better treatments, more effective medicine and training for better-qualified medical staff. Individuals and governments want tohave the best possible healthcare they can afford for themselves and their citizens respectively. As a result, the cost of healthcare has increased. Thus, another challenge faced by governments in managing healthcare is the increasing expenditure on healthcare.

L6 – L5 + Weighs the significance of the challenges explained in L5, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [11-12]


(b) To what extent is promoting a healthy lifestyle better than self-reliant schemes such as Medisave in managing the health of Singaporeans? Explain your answer. [13]

L1 – Describes healthcare in Singapore without focus on question [1-2]
Eg. In 1983, the Ministry of Health published a document called the National Health Plan. Etc.

L2 – Describes the two given ways of managing health [3-5]
· Schools and workplaces have programmes to emphasise the need to maintain good health. For example, regular physical exercises and a well-balanced diet are encouraged.
· One of the measures to encourage self-reliance was a savings scheme called Medisave introduced in 1984.

L3 - Explains one of the ways [6-8]
Award 6 marks for an explanation of one way, up to 8 m for more supporting details.
Eg. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is one way of coping with rising cost of healthcare for both the government and individuals. If a person is in good health, he will not need medical treatment and the person can save on medical expenses. Schools and workplaces have programmes to emphasise the need to maintain good health. For example, regular physical exercises and a well-balanced diet are encouraged. Thus, in managing the health of Singaporeans, promoting a healthy lifestyle is one good way to do it.

L4 - Explains both given ways [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the ways, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
One of the measures to encourage self-reliance was a savings scheme called Medisave introduced in 1984. Medisave encourages Singaporeans to be responsible for their own health. Etc. Thus, with Medisave, Singaporeans are encouraged to be self-reliant and it is thus a good way to manage the health of Singaporeans.

L5 – L4 + Weighs the effectiveness of ways explained in L4, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [12-13]

3 Diplomacy and Deterrence

(a) “National Service is the most effective way for Singapore to deter potential aggressors.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. [12]

L1 – Describes deterrence without focus on question [1-2]
Eg. Deterrence is the set of measures or strategies taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats.

L2 – Describes / identifies other strategies [3-4]
· National service / citizen armed force
· Military cooperation
· Total defence
· Defence industry

L3 - Explains the given strategy / one other strategy [5-7]
Award 5 marks for an explanation of one strategy, up to 7 m for more supporting details.
Eg. National Service (NS) is an effective way in which Singapore can deter potential aggressors from attacking her. NS is the name given to the compulsory conscription in Singapore of all male Singaporean citizens and second-generation permanent residents upon reaching the age of 18. They serve a two-year period as Full Time National Servicemen (NSFs) in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Singapore Police Force (SPF), or the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF). It was introduced in 1967. After completing NS, the men undergo reservist training for 13 years for a maximum of 40 days per year. Singapore had to rely on a citizen armed force because Singapore has a small population. In 1965 Singapore had a population of less than 2 million; manpower was needed in factories and industries and there were insufficient funds to support a professional army. Thus, given Singapore’s constraints, NS is an important way to deter potential aggressors as it provided Singapore with an army of considerable strength that can match those in other countries.

L4 – Explains the given strategy faced and identifies one or more other strategies [8]

L5 – Explains the strategies in L4 [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the strategies, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
Military Co-operation is one effective way to deter potential aggressors from attacking Singapore. It is a policy to actively foster friendly ties with the armed forces of other countries. Singapore participates in bilateral and multilateral defence exercises to overcome shortage of suitable training ground in Singapore caused by physical constraints. Joint exercise with the army, navy or air force of some ASEAN countries, Australia, Bangladesh, India, New Zealand, Taiwan and the US were held. The exercises increase co-operation and strengthen ties among participating countries. Singapore is also a member of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) formed in 1971 to preserve peace in the region. The four other members are Australia, Britain, New Zealand and Malaysia. In the event of an external threat to Singapore or Malaysia, the members are to consult one another on the appropriate measures to be taken. With military co-operation Singapore gets the assurance that there are other countries who can provide aid in the event that Singapore is threatened by external aggressors.

L6 – L5 + Weighs the significance of the strategies explained in L5, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [11-12]


(b) To what extent is international relation more important than bilateral relation when a country deals with other countries? Explain your answer. [13]

L1 – Describes diplomacy without focus on question [1-2]
• Eg. Diplomacy is the way in which countries manage or conduct relations with one another through promoting mutual interests and resolving conflicts in a peaceful manner.

L2 – Describes the two types of diplomatic relations [3-5]
· An example of bilateral relations is when countries send their diplomats to other countries.
· The UN is important to international relations because it provides help to countries in need. The UN helps countries that are faced with immediate problems such as famines and earthquakes. It sends food and medical aid to these countries such as Aceh, Indonesia after the tsunami disaster.

L3 - Explains one of the types [6-8]
Award 6 marks for an explanation of one type, up to 8 m for more supporting details.
Eg. International relation is important when a country deals with other countries. One example of international relation is the United Nations. It is an international organization with 192 members. The UN is important to international relations because it provides help to countries in need. The UN helps countries that are faced with immediate problems such as famines and earthquakes. It sends food and medical aid to these countries such as Aceh, Indonesia after the tsunami disaster. Secondly, the UN also gives a voice to every member country. The UN gives member countries the right to vote on decisions that affect them. It also gives them the opportunity to voice their grievances in the General Assembly. The General Assembly is like a world parliament where all the member countries can vote on various matters. Thirdly, the UN safeguards peace and stability. The UN sends its peacekeeping force to troubled areas. The peacekeeping forces ensure that parties involved in an armed conflict observe the peace by keeping them apart and preventing them from fighting. The roles of UN and examples about UN show that international relations help to promote common interests and resolve conflicting interests among nations.

L4 - Explains both given ways [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the ways, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
• Bilateral relation is important when one country deals with other countries. It refers to two countries establishing diplomatic relations with each other by signing agreements, sending diplomats or by having leaders visit each other countries. Through bilateral relations, trading relationships can be established such as the trade between S’pore with Japan, the USA and Germany which allowed S’pore to acquire technological skills. Also, there will be promotion of political, economic and cultural ties such as the one between S’pore and India allowed S’pore to speed up economic & social development. Bilateral relation also allows countries to help other countries in need. An example is when S’pore sent doctors, nurses and teachers to Vietnam & Nepal. Another example is the humanitarian aid to Aceh, in Indonesia, hit by tsunami. Such relationship is good for a country as it allows the country to gain mutual benefits from other countries as they both seek to promote mutual interests.

L5 – L4 + Weighs the effectiveness of the two types of diplomatic relations explained in L4, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [12-13]


4 Sustaining Singapore’s development

(a) “Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are the key driving force of globalisation.” Do you agree? Explain your answer. [12]

L1 – Describes globalisation without focus on question [1-2]
• Eg. Globalization is the process by which people, their ideas and their activities in different parts of the world become interconnected or integrated.

L2 – Describes / identifies one or more factors [3-4]
· Development in transport technology
· Development in communications technology

L3 - Explains the given factor / one other factors [5-7]
Award 5 marks for an explanation of one factor, up to 7 m for more supporting details.
Eg. TNCs are a key driving force of globalization. Transnational
corporations (TNCs) often set up units in the less developed countries (LDCs), and train people there to manage aspects of the business. Their operations are coordinated and controlled by HQs located in their countries of origin. They make products where their components are sourced from around the world before assembling the final product. Thus, through their business activities, economies around the world become more integrated.

L4 – Explains the given factor faced and identifies one or more other factors [8]

L5 – Explains the factors in L4 [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the factors, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
Communications technology is a key driving force of globalization. Communication is the transmission of information from one individual or group to another. Advancements have been made in communications to make information exchanges faster and more efficient and convenient. Examples of communications technology are e-mail and video-conferencing. The development of advanced technology has reduced the time taken to communicate between countries. Thus, the world becomes more globalised with greater exhanges of goods and ideas due to faster communication between countries.

L6 – L5 + Weighs the significance of the factors explained in L5, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [11-12]


(b) To what extent are the impacts of globalisation damaging to a country’s development, people and environment? Explain your answer. [13]

L1 – Describes globalisation without focus on question [1-2]
• Eg. Globalization is the process by which people, their ideas and their activities in different parts of the world become interconnected or integrated.

L2 – Describes / identifies impacts of globalisation [3-5]
· Loss of culture
· Widening of income gap between poor and rich
· Environmental degradation such as deforestation

L3 - Explains positive or negative impacts only [6-8]
Award 6 marks for an explanation of one type of impact, up to 8 m for more supporting details.
• Eg. Globalisation is damaging is it leads to the loss of local culture. Global brands such as Starbucks and McDonald’s replace the Kopi Tiam culture. Eg. MTV, rap music, death metal replace local ethnic music à even influence the way people are dressed up like ‘emo’, gothic cultures

L4 - Explains both types of impacts [9-11]
9 marks for explanations of the impacts, and up to 11 marks for any additional details.
Eg. In L3 +
Globalization has positive impacts. It leads to an increase in income levels in many countries. From the increased income, the government then uses the revenue for developments in education, health, housing, transportation, etc. Globalization also leads to an increase in lifestyle choices leading to a better quality of life and an overall improvement in the people’s standard of living.

L5 – L4 + Weighs the extent of the effects of the positive and negative impacts explained in L4, based on criterion such as impact on people or over time [12-13]

Notes on Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland

Consequences of Sri Lankan Conflict

· The LTTE was formed as a response to the government’s rejection of the idea of a separated and independent Tamil state. They resorted to violence and attacked both the Sinhalese and the Tamil members who supported the government.
· The fight for a separate homeland for the Tamils from the 1970s to the early 1990s cost thousand of lives and the destruction of millions of dollars of property.
· Thus, armed conflict and violence had affected Sri Lanka the most as when violence is used to solve the problems, the hostility tends to worsen. This makes peaceful solutions even more difficult to achieve.
· Due to the instability in Sri Lanka, investors from other countries were discouraged from investing in Sri Lanka as they had lost their confidence to invest in the country.
· Many investors fear that their business might fail due to the uncertainties in the country.
· Thus, loss of foreign investments had affected Sri Lanka the most as the economy of a country can only grow with businesses from outside the country. If the economy declines due to this, the people will suffer as they may not have many jobs to choose from, thus increasing the level of unemployment.
· The Sinhalese-Tamil conflict attracted the attention of its bigger neighbour, India.
· At first first, India tried to play the role of a mediator.
· Later as dialogue between the opposing parties failed, the Indian government sent a flotilla of 20 Indian ships to Jaffna to send food and petroleum products to the Sri Lankan Tamils. In the same year, 1987, under pressure from India. Sri Lanka agreed to sign a peace accord with India
· Thus, foreign intervention had affected Sri Lanka the most as by doing all these, Sri Lanka had lost much of her sovereignty as an independent country.


Which factor was the most significant cause of conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils in Sri Lanka:

Citizenship Rights
Jobs in the Government Service (Sinhala Only Policy)

Explain your answer.

I think the jobs in the government service issue was the more significant cause of conflict between the Sinhalese and the Tamils in Sri Lanka.

The jobs in the government service issue (Sinhala Only Policy) was about the Tamils not being able to secure jobs or promotion in the government service. With independence, the Sri Lankan government decided to improve the position of the majority Sinhalese by making Sinhala the only language of administration in the civil service. Tamils in the government service were given three years to learn Sinhala or be dismissed. This upset the Tamils. A peaceful demonstration against the Official Language Act was disrupted by supporters of the Sinhala language. Rioting occurred which resulted in over a hundred deaths.

The citizenship rights issues was about Sri Lanka granting citizenship only to those who were either born in Sri Lanka or those whose fathers and grandfathers were also born there. As a result, many Indian Tamils who were brought from India to Sri Lanka by the British to work on the plantations found themselves stateless. To be stateless meant that they were not citizens of any country. Though they had lived for many years in Sri Lanka, they were denied the basic rights such as voting. Thus, the Tamils were unhappy with the situation as they could not even vote for the government that would rule them even though they continued to work on the plantations and to contribute to the country’s economy.

I think the jobs in the government service issue was a more significant cause of conflict because it had a more serious impact on the lives of the people. In fact, as a result of the Official Language Act, riotings often occurred which led to loss of lives, thus deepening the hatred of the Tamils towards the Sinhalese. On the other hand, the citizenship rights issue had been partially resolved when a certain number of Indian Tamils were allowed to return to India while many had been granted Sri Lankan citizenship over the years.

Which factor was the most significant cause of conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants in Northern Ireland:

Divided Loyalties
Housing ?

Explain your answer.

I think divided loyalties was the more significant cause of conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants in Northern Ireland.

In Northern Ireland, most Protestants regard themselves as British and wish to see the country continue as part of the United Kingdom. Many of them are afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, which is a Catholic country. The Catholics in Northern Ireland, on the other hand, see themselves as Irish and would like their country to be reunited with Ireland. Moreover, they still resent the past history of English conquest where Catholics were either massacred or treated harshly. This sense of loyalty to different countries make the Protestants and Catholics intolerant of each other.

Another cause of conflict is in the provision of public housing by city councils. These public houses are partly paid by the government but the councils usually consist largely of Protestants. Often, large Catholic families in need of housing are delayed in getting their houses. In 1968, 71% of the local houses in Dungannon were given to Protestants although 53% of the people there were Catholics. Thus, the Catholics were frustrated as the shortage of houses meant they would have to wait any years before they were given their own houses. The Catholics thus find the provision of housing unfair.

I think divided loyalties was the more significant cause of conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants in Northern Ireland because it has a deeper impact on the people of Northern Ireland, be they Catholics or Protestants. Divided loyalties led to deep-seated feelings that are not easy to remove. For instance, due to divided loyalties, parents of these 2 groups of people sent their children to different schools to pursue different types of education like the Protestant children in schools that taught British history and British sports and tradition. Thus, generations of children grow up to be distrustful of each other as they seldom get to meet and thus makes them even more hostile to each other.